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    Enneagram

    九型人格

    Personality typology
    Also called
    Enneagram of Personality, Enneagram personality types

    The Enneagram sorts personality into nine basic types, drawn as nine points on a circle joined by lines. Oscar Ichazo began teaching the modern system in the 1960s; Don Riso devised the Levels of Development in 1977 and later refined them with Russ Hudson.[1][2]

    Select a type to light up its two lines: one leads to its direction under stress, the other to its direction of growth.
    The Enneagram figure: nine points on a circle joined by the triangle 3-6-9 and the hexad 1-4-2-8-5-7-1. Point at or tap parts of the figure for details
    The Enneagram figure: nine points on a circle joined by the triangle 3-6-9 and the hexad 1-4-2-8-5-7-1. Save as image (PNG)

    Key points

    • The nine types are 1 Reformer, 2 Helper, 3 Achiever, 4 Individualist, 5 Investigator, 6 Loyalist, 7 Enthusiast, 8 Challenger, and 9 Peacemaker.[3]
    • The types fall into three centers: instinctive (8, 9, 1), feeling (2, 3, 4), and thinking (5, 6, 7).[2]
    • A wing is one of the two types next to a person’s basic type, and each type spans nine Levels of Development, from healthy through average to unhealthy.[2]
    • The inner lines mark stress directions, 1→4→2→8→5→7→1 and 9→6→3→9; growth runs the opposite way.[2]

    An example

    Jay takes a free online Enneagram quiz and scores highest on Type 6, the Loyalist. The words “responsible” and “security-oriented” in the description match how he plans his week. He treats the result as a prompt for reflection, not a fixed label.

    Misreadings and limits

    A systematic review of 104 samples found mixed evidence: factor analyses usually yield fewer than nine factors, and wings and movement between types have little research support.[4]

    Sources

    1. 1 The Enneagram Institute (n.d.). The traditional Enneagram. The Enneagram Institute. View source
    2. 2 The Enneagram Institute (n.d.). How the Enneagram system works. The Enneagram Institute. View source
    3. 3 The Enneagram Institute (n.d.). The nine Enneagram type descriptions. The Enneagram Institute. View source
    4. 4 Hook, J. N., et al. (2021). The Enneagram: A systematic review of the literature and directions for future research. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 77(4), 865–883. doi:10.1002/jclp.23097

    Last checked against sources: October 26, 2026