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    PERMA model

    PERMA 模型

    Model

    PERMA is the model of well-being Martin Seligman set out in his book Flourish. It names five elements: positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning and accomplishment.[1][2]

    The 23 items of the PERMA-Profiler

    PERMA elements, 3 items each Eight others: overall well-being, negative emotion, loneliness, physical health

    One comparison study found a latent correlation of 0.98 between PERMA and subjective well-being.

    Select a letter for details; its three questionnaire items below light up too.
    The five PERMA elements and the 23 items of the PERMA-Profiler: three per element plus eight others. Select a part for details
    The five PERMA elements and the 23 items of the PERMA-Profiler: three per element plus eight others. Save as image (PNG)

    Key points

    • The letters stand for Positive emotion, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning and Accomplishment.[2]
    • A common measure, the PERMA-Profiler, has 23 items: three per element plus eight on overall well-being, negative emotion, loneliness and physical health.[2]
    • PERMA-Profiler results are shown as a profile across the five elements rather than only as a single total score.[2]

    An example

    Ms. Wang reviews her week through PERMA: dinner with friends was fun (positive emotion, relationships), and she lost track of time drafting a proposal (engagement), but little felt meaningful. She decides to set aside time each week to volunteer in her community.

    Misreadings and limits

    PERMA is often presented as something different from traditional happiness measures. One comparison study found that PERMA and subjective well-being correlated at 0.98 at the latent level and concluded that they capture essentially the same well-being.[3]

    Sources

    1. 1 塞利格曼, M. E. P. (2012). 持续的幸福（赵昱鲲, 译）. 浙江人民出版社（原著：Flourish）. View source
    2. 2 Butler, J., & Kern, M. L. (2016). The PERMA-Profiler: A brief multidimensional measure of flourishing. International Journal of Wellbeing, 6(3). doi:10.5502/ijw.v6i3.526
    3. 3 Goodman, F. R., Disabato, D. J., Kashdan, T. B., & Kauffman, S. B. (2017). Measuring well-being: A comparison of subjective well-being and PERMA. The Journal of Positive Psychology. doi:10.1080/17439760.2017.1388434

    Last checked against sources: October 26, 2026